Background IL-21 is a key player of adaptive immunity, with well-established roles in B-cell
and cytotoxic T-cell responses. IL-21 has been implicated in promotion of effector CD4+ T …

Inter-organ crosstalk has gained increasing attention in recent times; however, the
underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we elucidate an endocrine pathway …

B cells are the core components of humoral immunity. A mature B cell can serve in multiple
capacities, including antibody production, antigen presentation, and regulatory functions …

Zhang et al IRF Signalings in Cardiometabolic Diseases 223 cofactors or other transcription
factors. Except for IRF1 and IRF2, IRFs share an IAD1 that is structurally similar to the Mad …

Low-grade inflammation in the obese AT (AT) and the liver is a critical player in the
development of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation, including insulin resistance, type 2 …

The in vitro ability of polyphenols, extracted from red grape, to modulate peripheral blood
mononuclear cell responses has been evaluated in 20 obese (Ob) people. With regard to …

Problem Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)‐like phenotypes in murine models are linked to
elevated pro‐inflammatory cytokine profiles caused by maternal immune activation (MIA) …

Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are recently found to be a special subgroup of regulatory T
(Treg) cells. Tfr cells play an important role in regulating the germinal center (GC) response …

Immune system dysfunction causes dysregulation of immune homeostasis, which in turn
leads to autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized T cell …

An efficient B cell immunity requires a dynamic equilibrium between positive and negative
signals. In germinal centers (GCs), T follicular helper cells are supposed to be the positive …