Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that predominantly
affects women of childbearing age and is characterized by the damage to multiple target …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an exceptionally
transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that appeared at the end of 2019 and triggered a …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease in which both the roles of genetic
susceptibility and environmental/microbial factors have been investigated. More than 200 …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes long-lasting, multifocal damage to the central nervous
system. The complex background of MS is associated with autoimmune inflammation and …

Since the first model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was introduced
almost a century ago, there has been an ongoing scientific debate about the risks and …

Frequent use of hormones and drugs may be associated with side-effects. Recent studies
have shown that probiotics have effects on the prevention and treatment of immune-related …

Microbiome dysbiosis is increasingly being recognized as implicated in immune-mediated
disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS). The microbiome is modulated by genetic and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the
central nervous system (CNS). The underlying pathophysiology of MS is the destruction of …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a group of heterogeneous disorders with a high
socioeconomic burden. Although pharmacotherapy is currently the principal therapeutic …

Dealing with patients with both multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory rheumatic disorders
(IRDs) is not uncommon for a rheumatologist, as there is a statistical association between …