Brown trout Salmo trutta is endemic to Europe, western Asia and north‐western Africa; it is a
prominent member of freshwater and coastal marine fish faunas. The species shows two …

Oncorhynchus mykiss form partially migratory populations with anadromous fish that
undergo marine migrations and residents that complete their life cycle in fresh water. Many …

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires that the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS) review the status of listed species under its authority at least every five years and …

An animal's behaviour can influence many variables, such as its energy reserves, its risk of
injury or mortality, and its rate of reproduction. To identify the optimal action in a given …

Stopover habitats allow migratory animals to bolster energy stores prior to the resumption of
migration, which can increase an individual's likelihood of survival. Carryover effects from …

Abstract Development is a continuous process during which individuals gain information
about their environment and adjust their phenotype accordingly. In many natural systems …

Life history variability includes phenotypic variation in morphology, age, and size at key
stage transitions and arises from genotypic, environmental, and genotype-by-environment …

The sheer beauty and impressiveness of animal migrations have long puzzled observers
and raised the questions of how these animals find their way, what initiates their migrations …

Local extirpations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss, often due
to dams and other stream barriers, are common throughout the western United States …

Fishing gears are designed to exploit the natural behaviors of fish, and the concern that
fishing may cause evolution of behavioral traits has been receiving increasing attention. The …