The thioredoxin (Trx) system, which is composed of NADPH, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR),
and thioredoxin, is a key antioxidant system in defense against oxidative stress through its …

Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent
antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a persistent intracellular pathogen intrinsically tolerant
to most antibiotics. However, the specific factors that mediate this tolerance remain …

Abstract Background Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) Gram-negative bacteria cause
nosocomial infections and rapidly acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which makes it a …

A number of non-tuberculous mycobacterium species are opportunistic pathogens and
ubiquitously form biofilms. These infections are often recalcitrant to treatment and require …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) forms biofilms harbouring antibiotic-tolerant bacilli in vitro,
but the factors that induce biofilm formation and the nature of the extracellular material that …

Macrophages play an essential role in the immune system by ingesting and degrading
invading pathogens, initiating an inflammatory response and instructing adaptive immune …

Tuberculosis has a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Mtb) has a complex pathophysiology; it is an aerobic bacillus capable of surviving in …

Over the past two decades, prominent importance of molybdenum-containing enzymes in
prokaryotes has been put forward by studies originating from different fields. Proteomic or …

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial enzyme required to maintain the redox potential of
the cells. It plays a vital role in protecting normal cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) …