This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …

Distributed within the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (LDT
and PPT), cholinergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum have long been …

Multiple neuronal systems contribute to the promotion and maintenance of the wake state,
which is characterized by cortical activation and behavioral arousal. Using predominantly …

Sleep states are comprised of a constellation of physiologic and behavioral traits, and the
mechanisms by which sedative-hypnotic medications alter these traits remain unclear …

Animal studies have shown that decreased orexin expression changes sleep regulation with
normal aging. This study examined orexin A and B expression in the tuberal hypothalamus …

Cholinergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum form part of the ascending
activating system and are thought to participate in stimulating cortical activation. Yet in the …

The basal forebrain (BF) strongly regulates cortical activation, sleep homeostasis, and
attention. Many BF neurons involved in these processes are GABAergic, including a …

Rationale The hypocretin (hcrt) system has been implicated in addiction-relevant effects of
several drugs, but its role in nicotine dependence has been little studied. Objectives These …

Ten years ago the sleep disorder narcolepsy was linked to the neuropeptide hypocretin
(HCRT), also known as orexin. This disorder is characterized by excessive day time …