Context Rapid developments in e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS),
and the evolution of the overall tobacco product marketplace warrant frequent evaluation of …

Approximately 21% of women of reproductive age and 22% of men of reproductive age in
the United States smoke cigarettes. Substantial harmful effects of cigarette smoke on …

Maternal smoking during pregnancy continues to represent a major public health concern.
Nicotine is extremely harmful to the developing fetus through many different mechanisms …

Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are essentially nicotine delivery devices that mimic the
appearance of a conventional cigarette (CC). Lately, they have been marketed as tools for …

E-cigarette usage is increasing, especially among the young, with both the general
population and physicians perceiving them as a safe alternative to tobacco smoking …

Perinatal substance use remains a major public health problem and is associated with a
number of deleterious maternal and fetal effects. Polysubstance use in pregnancy is …

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced into the US market in 2007 and have
quickly become a popular source of nicotine for many patients. They are designed to …

Background Conventional cigarette (CC) smoking is one of the most preventable causes of
adverse birth outcomes. Although electronic cigarettes (ECs) are considered to be safer than …

Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is quickly growing in the United States, despite the
unknown health implications and unregulated device contents. Although research is …

The aim of this review of reviews was to collate the latest evidence from systematic reviews
about the maternal and child health outcomes of being exposed to tobacco and nicotine …