Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous state of chronic intestinal
inflammation of unknown cause encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis …

Neutrophils promptly accumulate in large numbers at sites of tissue injury. Injuries to the skin
or mucosae disrupt barriers against the external environment, and the bactericidal actions of …

The harmonic coexistence of microorganisms with the human body is the result of a long
coevolutionary process that has minimized competition for nutrients and immunological …

The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually
exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal …

The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host
immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain …

Caffeic acid (CA) is one of the major phenolic acids of coffee with multiple biological
activities. Our previous study found that 500 mg/kg of chlorogenic acid (CGA) had the …

The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is incurable, chronic, recrudescent disorders in the
inflamed intestines. Current clinic treatments are challenged by systemic exposure-induced …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of normal cellular metabolic
activities. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are the enzymes …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, the
incidence of which has rapidly increased worldwide, especially in developing and Western …

Gut-resident forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are distinct from
those in other organs and have gut-specific phenotypes and functions. Whereas Treg cells …