Thyroid disorders are prevalent in pregnant women. Furthermore, thyroid hormone has a
critical role in fetal development and thyroid dysfunction can adversely affect obstetric …

Importance Maternal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are risk factors for preterm birth.
Milder thyroid function test abnormalities and thyroid autoimmunity are more prevalent, but it …

Women who have had repeated miscarriages often have uncertainties about the cause, the
likelihood of recurrence, the investigations they need, and the treatments that might help …

Background Thyroid peroxidase antibodies are associated with an increased risk of
miscarriage and preterm birth, even when thyroid function is normal. Small trials indicate that …

Severe thyroid dysfunction may lead to menstrual disorders and subfertility. Fertility
problems may persist even after restoring normal thyroid function, and then an assisted …

Severe thyroid dysfunction may lead to menstrual disorders and infertility via direct and
indirect interactions with the hypothalamo–pituitary–ovarian axis and the reproductive …

The regulation of the female reproductive system is one of the most relevant actions of
thyroid hormones. Adequate thyroid hormones production is essential for normal menstrual …

BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) are
associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pregnancy loss and preterm birth …

Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG)
axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women …

Background Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI)–the presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase and/or anti-
thyroglobulin antibodies–affects 8–14% of reproductively-aged women. It is hotly debated …