Molting is a highly complex process that requires precise coordination to be successful. We
describe the early classical endocrinological experiments that elucidated the hormones and …

Control of reproductive development in crustaceans requires neuropeptides, ecdysone and
methyl farnesoate (MF). A major source of neuropeptides is the X-organ–sinus gland (XO …

The main endocrine-regulated processes of crustaceans have been reviewed in relation to
the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Molting has been shown to be …

Crustaceans have long been used for peptide research. For example, the process of
neurosecretion was first formally demonstrated in the crustacean X-organ–sinus gland …

The removal of the eyestalk (s) induces molting and reproduction promoted the presence of
regulatory substances in the eyestalk (ES), particularly medulla terminalis X-organ and the …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Stress-induced changes in immune function occur in animals across phyla, and these effects …

Abstract Effects of natural stressors such as copper (Cu 2+), temperature, hypoxia,
chloroform and adrenaline on physiological and biochemical responses were investigated …

Reducing animal stress and mortality associated with bycatch and discard in fishing,
aquaculture, and live-market trade depends upon improvements in fishing gear and the …

Carbohydrates are the primary energy source in all animal diets and are the least expensive
energy source in the diets of aquatic animals. However, the utilization of carbohydrates by …

Global aquaculture has expanded rapidly to address the increasing demand for aquatic
protein needs and an uncertain future for wild fisheries. To date, however, most farmed …