The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) is a hallmark of obesity and
contributes to various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular …

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by the adipose tissue in proportion to the size of fat
stores, with a primary function in the control of lipid reserves. Besides adipose tissue, leptin …

Prior mouse genetic research has set the stage for a deep understanding of appetite
regulation. This goal is now being realized through the use of recent technological …

Obesity represents the single most important risk factor for early disability and death in
developed societies, and the incidence of obesity remains at staggering levels. CNS …

During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation of the
leptin gene has been crucial to discover the melanocortin pathway to control appetite. In the …

The gut microbiota has emerged as an environmental factor that modulates the host's
energy balance. It increases the host's ability to harvest energy from the digested food, and …

Leptin, a hormone produced in white adipose tissue, acts in the brain to communicate fuel
status, suppress appetite following a meal, promote energy expenditure and maintain blood …

Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability
(for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass) …