Almost a quarter century has passed since discovery of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
(RANKL). This discovery had a major impact on identification of mechanisms regulating …

Inflammation is currently considered a prime target for the development of new stroke
therapies. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and then circulating …

The master pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), has been shown to
modulate multiple signalling pathways, with wide-ranging downstream effects. TNF plays a …

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine which signals through TNF receptor
1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TNFR1 …

Crohn's disease (CD) accounts for a variety of clinical manifestations or phenotypes that
stem from chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Its worldwide incidence is …

Abstract Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), initially known for its tumor cytotoxicity, is a potent
mediator of inflammation, as well as many normal physiological functions in homeostasis …

Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have a pivotal role in T cell biology, as they
determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. The classic definition of …

Introduction Inflammation is a very important part of innate immunity and is regulated in
many steps. One such regulating step is the cytokine network, where tumor necrosis factor α …

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an unabated risk factor
for end-stage liver diseases with no available therapies. Dysregulated immune responses …

Background: Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disorder, which can
significantly impact quality of life. Despite major breakthroughs in our understanding of the …