Introduction Complete and specific ablation of a single dopaminergic (DA) pathway is a
critical step to distinguish the roles of DA pathways in vivo. However, this kind of technique …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystemic disorder in which several neurotransmitters
other than dopamine are affected. Drugs acting on non-dopaminergic systems are …

Numerous clinical studies have shown that the serotonergic system also degenerates in
patients with Parkinson's disease. The causal role of this impairment in Parkinson's …

Background: Animal models for drug discovery and development in Parkinson's disease
have played an important role in the characterization of the pathophysiology of diseases and …

The parkinsonian symptoms of primates after MPTP exposure can be measured by several
visual methods (classical motor scores). However, these methods have a subjective bias …

Most neurons in the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus and the substantia
nigra pars reticulata (GPe, GPi, and SNr) are characterized by a high-frequency discharge …

The hemiparkinsonian nonhuman primate model induced by unilateral injection of 1‐methyl‐
4‐phenyl‐1, 2, 3, 6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into the carotid artery is used to study …

Rigidity is a cardinal symptom of Parkinson's disease and is frequently used as an outcome
measure in clinical and non-human primate studies examining the effects of medication or …

This chapter describes the behavioral methods of our research program for assessing the
effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication in the African …

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically diagnosed based on motor impairments
related to akinesia, rigidity, and tremor. These symptoms are delayed in the course of the …