Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

Neurodegenerative diseases cause severe impairments in cognitive and motor function.
With an increasing aging population and the onset of these diseases between 50 and 70 …

Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a syndrome involving microvascular
dysfunction. No treatment is available yet and as the HFpEF patient group is expanding due …

Obesity is a complex disease and a global epidemic. It is a risk factor for other chronic
diseases including breast cancer, especially in women after menopause. Diverse etiologies …

Prenatal hypoxia during the prenatal period can interfere with the developmental trajectory
and lead to developing hypertension in adulthood. Prenatal hypoxia is often associated with …

Estrogen receptors (ER) mediate functions beyond their endocrine roles, as modulation of
cardiovascular, renal, and immune systems through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic …

Rutin, a flavonoid glycoside, has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. Loss of
endogenous estrogen and dysregulation of the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway …

Androgens, including testosterone and its more potent metabolite dihydrotestosterone, exert
multiple actions in the body. Physiologically, they play a critical role in male sex …

Despite the striking differences between male and female physiology, female physiology is
understudied. In response, the National Institutes of Health is promulgating new policies to …