Vitamin A, acting through its metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid, is a potent transcriptional
regulator affecting expression levels of hundreds of genes through retinoic acid response …

Neural tube closure has been studied for many decades, across a range of vertebrates, as a
paradigm of embryonic morphogenesis. Neurulation is of particular interest in view of the …

Wnt signaling pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways. The complexity of
Wnt signals and their functional role is crucial in development and growth. It is the most …

Neural tube defects are severe congenital malformations affecting around one in every 1000
pregnancies. An innovation in clinical management has come from the finding that closure of …

Apical constriction is a cell shape change that promotes tissue remodeling in a variety of
homeostatic and developmental contexts, including gastrulation in many organisms and …

Spina bifida is a birth defect in which the vertebral column is open, often with spinal cord
involvement. The most clinically significant subtype is myelomeningocele (open spina …

Diet, particularly vitamin deficiency, is associated with the risk of birth defects. The aim of this
review paper is to show the characteristics of common and severe neural-tube defects …

Neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida and anencephaly, are severe birth
defects of the central nervous system that originate during embryonic development when the …

Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are debilitating birth defects involving the central
nervous system (CNS). Despite recent advances, NTDs represent the second most common …

Evaluation of the central nervous system (CNS) in the developing mouse presents unique
challenges, given the complexity of ontogenesis, marked structural reorganization over very …