The worldwide incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) ranges from 1.0 to 10.0 per 1,000
births with almost equal frequencies between two major categories: anencephaly and spina …

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital malformations affecting 1 in every 1000
pregnancies.'Open'NTDs result from failure of primary neurulation as seen in anencephaly …

The formation of the embryonic brain and spinal cord begins as the neural plate bends to
form the neural folds, which meet and adhere to close the neural tube. The neural ectoderm …

Body axis elongation represents a common and fundamental morphogenetic process in
development. A key mechanism triggering body axis elongation without additional growth is …

The complement cascade is an important arm of the immune system that plays a key role in
protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from infection. Recently, it has also become …

Apical constriction changes cell shapes, driving critical morphogenetic events, including
gastrulation in diverse organisms and neural tube closure in vertebrates. Apical constriction …

Wnt signaling pathways play divergent roles during development, normal homeostasis and
disease. The responses that result from the activation of the pathway control both …

Canonical WNT signaling through Frizzled and LRP5/6 receptors is transduced to the
WNT/β-catenin and WNT/stabilization of proteins (STOP) signaling cascades to regulate cell …

Craniorachischisis (CRN) is a severe neural tube defect (NTD) resulting from failure to
initiate closure, leaving the hindbrain and spinal neural tube entirely open. Clues to the …

Introduction. Pregnant women are at a high risk of anaemia, with iron‐folate deficiency being
the most common cause of anaemia among pregnant women. Despite the well‐known …