Macrophages are cells that function as a first line of defence against invading
microorganisms. One of the hallmarks of macrophages is their ability to become activated in …

Autophagy is a process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double
membrane vesicles and degraded upon fusion with lysosomal compartments. In yeast …

Pyroptosis is a caspase-1-dependent inflammatory form of cell death. The adapter protein
ASC binds directly to caspase-1 and is critical for caspase-1 activation in response to a …

Bacterial pathogens exploit a huge range of niches within their hosts. Many pathogens can
invade non-phagocytic cells and survive within a membrane-bound compartment. However …

The dendritic cell (DC) system of antigen‐presenting cells controls immunity and tolerance.
DCs initiate and regulate immune responses in a manner that depends on signals they …

Cephalochordates, urochordates, and vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor over
520 million years ago. To improve our understanding of chordate evolution and the origin of …

Intracellular pathogens like Shigella flexneri enter host cells by phagocytosis. Once inside,
the pathogen breaks the vacuolar membrane for cytosolic access. The fate and function of …

Autophagy, an evolutionally conserved homeostatic process for catabolizing cytoplasmic
components, has been linked to the elimination of intracellular pathogens during …

While the recognition of microbial infection often occurs at the cell surface via Toll-like
receptors, the cytosol of the cell is also under surveillance for microbial products that breach …

Autophagy is a degradative pathway that involves delivery of cytoplasmic components,
including proteins, organelles, and invaded microbes to the lysosome for digestion …