Investments in the development of new drugs for orthopoxvirus infections have fostered new
avenues of research, provided an improved understanding of orthopoxvirus biology and …

Decades after public health interventions–including pre-and post-exposure vaccination–
were used to eradicate smallpox, zoonotic orthopoxvirus outbreaks and the potential threat …

Monkeypox is a rare, zoonotic viral illness that was initially endemic mainly to Africa. The
virus later spread to non-African countries and, in 2022, it exploded on a global scale, with …

Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) can rapidly protect mice against
lethal ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection, serving as an experimental model for severe …

Orthopoxviruses continue to pose a significant threat to the population as potential agents of
bioterrorism. An intentional release of natural or engineered variola virus (VARV) or …

Natural orthopoxvirus outbreaks such as vaccinia, cowpox, cattlepox and buffalopox
continue to cause morbidity in the human population. Monkeypox virus remains a significant …

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family and is
a natural pathogen of mice. Certain strains of mice are highly susceptible to ECTV infection …

In 2007, the United States–Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidance
concerning animal models for testing the efficacy of medical countermeasures against …

Taterapox virus (TATV), which was isolated from an African gerbil (Tatera kempi) in 1975, is
the most closely related virus to variola; however, only the original report has examined its …

Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in the innate
immune response and may be involved in both clearance and spread of viruses. Stimulation …