The intestinal surface is constitutively exposed to diverse antigens, such as food antigens,
food-borne pathogens, and commensal microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells have developed …

The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a
critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows the brain to selectively import nutrients and energy
critical to neuronal function while simultaneously excluding neurotoxic substances from the …

Proteins and peptides (PPs) have gradually become more attractive therapeutic molecules
than small molecular drugs due to their high selectivity and efficacy, but fewer side effects …

Tight junctions play a major role in maintaining the integrity and impermeability of the
intestinal barrier. As such, they act as an ideal target for pathogens to promote their …

The mucosal lining of the gut has co-evolved with a diverse microbiota over millions of
years, leading to the development of specialized mechanisms to actively limit the invasion of …

Cell–cell junctions link cells to each other in tissues, and regulate tissue homeostasis in
critical cell processes that include tissue barrier function, cell proliferation, and migration …

Beside digesting nutrients and absorbing solutes and electrolytes, the intestinal epithelium
with its barrier function is in charge of a tightly controlled antigen trafficking from the …

While the peptide and protein therapeutic market has developed significantly in the past
decades, delivery has limited their use. Although oral delivery is preferred, most are …

Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases, resulting from both environmental
(gluten) and genetic factors [human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes]. The …