Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is considered as a crucial mediator in tissue fibrosis
and causes tissue scarring largely by activating its downstream small mother against …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) initiate
signaling pathways with complementary, nonredundant immunosuppressive functions in the …

Immunotherapy has prompted a paradigm shift in advanced non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) treatment, by demonstrating superior efficacy to chemotherapy alone both in …

Immunotherapies like the adoptive transfer of gene-engineered T cells and immune
checkpoint inhibitors are novel therapeutic modalities for advanced cancers. However, some …

There are numerous prescription drugs and non-prescription drugs that cause drug-induced
liver injury (DILI), which is the main cause of liver disease in humans around the globe. Its …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an important signaling molecule which is expressed
in three different isoforms in mammals (ie TGF-β1,-β2, and-β3). The interaction between TGF …

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a form of radiation damage to normal lung tissue
caused by radiotherapy (RT) for thoracic cancers, which is most commonly comprised of …

Abundant epidemiologic evidence supports an association between idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis (IPF) and lung cancer. Lung tumors in patients with IPF develop preferentially in the …

Tumor cells evolve in tumor microenvironment composed of multiple cell types. Among
these, endothelial cells (ECs) are the major players in tumor angiogenesis, which is a driver …

Lung progenitor cells are crucial for regeneration following injury, yet it is unclear whether
lung progenitor cells can be functionally engrafted after transplantation. We transplanted …