The trillions of microorganisms in the human intestine are important regulators of health, and
disruptions in the gut microbial communities can cause disease. The gut, liver and immune …

Chronic liver injury leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis, through which activated
myofibroblasts in the liver secrete extracellular matrix proteins that generate the fibrous scar …

The gut microbiota is a complex and plastic consortium of microorganisms that are intricately
connected with human physiology. The liver is a central immunological organ that is …

The gut and the liver are characterized by mutual interactions between both organs, the
microbiome, diet and other environmental factors. The sum of these interactions is …

Alcoholic liver disease, which ranges from mild disease to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis,
is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alcohol intake can lead to changes …

Cirrhosis–the common end-stage of chronic liver disease–is associated with a cascade of
events, of which intestinal bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis are central. Bacterial toxins …

Chronic liver disease due to alcohol-use disorder contributes markedly to the global burden
of disease and mortality,–. Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe and life-threatening form of alcohol …

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), which includes a range of disorders of different severity
and is one of the most prevalent types of liver disease worldwide, has recently regained …

Bile acid synthesis is the most significant pathway for catabolism of cholesterol and for
maintenance of whole body cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids are physiological …

The liver communicates with the intestine via the portal vein, biliary system, and mediators in
the circulation. Microbes in the intestine maintain liver homeostasis but can also serve as a …