Introduction Orbital surgery has always been disputed among specialists, mainly
neurosurgeons, otorhinolaryngologists, maxillofacial surgeons and ophthalmologists. The …

Simple Summary The popularity that transorbital approaches (TOAs) gained in recent years
has allowed their diffusion into skull base surgery. However, for their correct application, it is …

The transorbital approach (TOA) is gaining popularity in skull base surgery scenarios. This
approach represents a valuable surgical corridor to access various compartments and safely …

THE aim of this paper is to introduce a modular system for classifying the extensions to the
superior eyelid transorbital approach. This classification system categorizes these …

Introduction The transorbital route has been proposed for addressing orbital and
paramedian skull base lesions. It can be complemented by further marginotomies, as per …

OBJECTIVE The endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach has garnered significant
consideration and gained popularity in recent years. Detailed anatomical knowledge along …

The treatment of pathologies located within and surrounding the orbit poses considerable
surgical challenges, due to the intricate presence of critical neurovascular structures in such …

Background The cavernous sinus (CS) is a demanding surgical territory, given its deep
location and the involvement of multiple neurovascular structures. Subjected to recurrent …

Objective Starting from an anatomic study describing the possibility of reaching the temporal
region through an endoscopic transorbital approach, many clinical reports have now …

OBJECTIVE The endoscopic transorbital approach (ETOA) has been demonstrated to be a
feasible ventral route to the petrous apex. Yet, it has been pointed to as a deep and narrow …