Humans with drug addiction exhibit compulsive drug-seeking associated with impairment of
prefrontal cortex cognitive function. Whether prefrontal cortex dysfunction is a consequence …

Animal models of relapse reveal that the motivation to seek drug is regulated by enduring
morphological and physiological changes in the nucleus accumbens, as well as transient …

Background The development and persistence of addiction is mediated in part by drug-
induced alterations in nucleus accumbens (NAc) function. AMPA-type glutamate receptors …

In rats, continuous cocaine access during long self‐administration sessions (6 versus 1–2
hours) promotes the development of behavioral symptoms of addiction. This has led to the …

Studies in humans suggest that women progress more rapidly from initial cocaine use to
addiction. Similarly, female rats can show more incentive motivation for cocaine than male …

Accumulating evidence indicates that impulsivity, in its multiple forms, involves cortical and
subcortical mechanisms and abnormal dopamine (DA) transmission. Although decreased …

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence implicates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in opioid analgesia,
tolerance, conditioned place preference, and self-administration. Here, we determined the …

Cocaine use is associated with high levels of impulsive choice (preference for immediate
over delayed rewards), but it is not clear whether cocaine use causes elevated impulsive …

The temporal pattern of drug use (pharmacokinetics) has a profound effect on the ability of
self‐administered cocaine to produce addiction‐like behavior in rodents, and to change the …

A key question in addiction research concerns how, in some individuals, initial recreational
or casual patterns of drug use may change brain and psychological function in ways that …