ABSTRACT Introduction Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) continue to be developed to deliver an
expanding range of drugs to treat an ever-increasing range of medical conditions; with each …

Introduction Intranasal administration is an effective drug delivery routes in modern
pharmaceutics. However, unlike other in vivo biological barriers, the nasal mucosal barrier is …

Airflow through the nasal cavity exhibits a wide variety of fluid dynamic behaviors due to the
intricacy of the nasal geometry. The flow is naturally unsteady and perhaps turbulent …

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease worldwide, and the frequently prescribed nasal
sprays do not sufficiently deliver the topical medications to the target sites so that the final …

This study identifies anatomical and airflow-induced relationships based on nasal
morphological variations due to inter-and intra-racial differences and gender. Subject …

Intranasal administration of drugs serves as a promising, noninvasive option for the
treatment of various disorders of the central nervous system and upper respiratory tract …

As evidenced by the worldwide pandemic, respiratory infectious diseases and their airborne
transmission must be studied to safeguard public health. This study focuses on the emission …

Middle turbinate resection significantly alters the anatomy and redistributes the inhaled air.
The superior half of the main nasal cavity is opened up, increasing accessibility to the …

Air conditioning is a dual heat and mass transfer process, and the human nasal cavity
achieves this through the mucosal wall surface, which is supplied with an energy source …

Nasal sprays, which produce relatively large pharmaceutical droplets with sizes mostly
higher than 10 μm, are primarily used to deliver locally acting drugs to the nasal mucosa …