During tumorigenesis, cancer cells are exposed to a wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic
stresses that challenge homeostasis and growth. Cancer cells display activation of distinct …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of human breast cancer with one of the
worst prognoses, with no targeted therapeutic strategies currently available. Regulated cell …

Abstract In mammals, the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway (henceforth,“the Nrf2 pathway”) and
autophagy are major intracellular defence systems that combat oxidative damage and …

De novo and acquired resistance, which are mainly mediated by genetic alterations, are
barriers to effective routine chemotherapy. However, the mechanisms underlying gastric …

Gastric cancer is a deadly disease and remains the third leading cause of cancer-related
death worldwide. The 5-year overall survival rate of patients with early-stage localized …

Conventional chemotherapy, one of the most widely used cancer treatment methods, has
serious side effects, and usually results in cancer treatment failure. Drug resistance is one of …

Lung cancer remains a major threat to human health. Low dose CT scan (LDCT) has
become the main method of early screening for lung cancer due to the low sensitivity of …

Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a complex catabolic process
characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes …

Paclitaxel, a compound naturally occurring in yew, is a commonly used drug for the
treatment of different types of cancer. Unfortunately, frequent cancer cell resistance …

Autophagy is a highly conserved metabolic process involved in the degradation of
intracellular components including proteins and organelles. Consequently, it plays a critical …