Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are germline‐encoded receptors that are central to innate and
adaptive immune responses. Owing to their vital role in inflammation, TLRs are rational …

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is commonly complicated by septic conditions,
and is responsible for increased mortality and poor outcomes in septic patients …

Neural circuits regulate cytokine production to prevent potentially damaging inflammation. A
prototypical vagus nerve circuit, the inflammatory reflex, inhibits tumor necrosis factor–α …

The nervous system and immune system have broad and overlapping distributions in the
body, and interactions of these ubiquitous systems are central to the field of …

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely distributed throughout the central
nervous system, being expressed in neurons and non-neuronal cells, where they participate …

The parasympathetic nervous system modulates inflammation through efferent vagus nerve
signaling. Tracey (2002) termed this process as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway …

Inflammation is the body's first line of defense against infection or injury, responding to
challenges by activating innate and adaptive responses. Microbes have evolved a diverse …

Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that
continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance …

The central nervous system interacts dynamically with the immune system to modulate
inflammation through humoral and neural pathways. Recently, in animal models of sepsis …

This review covers history underlying the discovery of the molecular mediators of nicotine's
effects in the brain and the diversity of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) …