Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide, with a complex,
poorly understood pathogenesis. Cerebral atrophy, amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and …

Blood-brain barrier disruption occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Recent
studies indicate a link between blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline and …

Mitochondria are a main source of cellular energy. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is
the major process of aerobic respiration. Enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain …

A healthy brain is protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by the
endothelial cells that line brain capillaries. The BBB plays an extremely important role in …

Reactive astrocytes (RA) secrete lipocalin-2 (LCN2) glycoprotein that regulates diverse
cellular processes including cell death/survival, inflammation, iron delivery and cell …

Background Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of human death and disability.
Brain edema and peri-infarct astrocyte reactivity are crucial pathological changes, both …

Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) provides the most common therapy for
ischemic stroke onset within the past 4.5 h. However, enhanced neutrophil infiltration and …

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. While intraocular pressure
(IOP) presents a major risk factor, the underlying pathophysiology still remains largely …

Background Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and
disability. Zinc accumulation has been shown to play a vital role in neuronal death and …

Background Several retinal pathologies exhibit both inflammation and breakdown of the
inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) resulting in vascular permeability, suggesting that …