Sea-level variations spread over a very broad spectrum of spatial and temporal scales as a
result of complex processes occurring in the Earth System in response to natural variability …

Studies of the global sea-level budget (SLB) and the global ocean-mass budget (OMB) are
essential to assess the reliability of our knowledge of sea-level change and its contributors …

Nearly every glacier in Greenland has thinned or retreated over the past few decades,,–,
leading to glacier acceleration, increased rates of sea-level rise and climate impacts around …

The mass of the Greenland ice sheet is declining as mass gain from snow accumulation is
exceeded by mass loss from surface meltwater runoff, marine-terminating glacier calving …

Coastal areas are highly diverse, ecologically rich, regions of key socio-economic activity,
and are particularly sensitive to sea-level change. Over most of the 20th century, global …

We use satellite and airborne altimetry to estimate annual mass changes of the Greenland
Ice Sheet. We estimate ice loss corresponding to a sea‐level rise of 6.9±0.4 mm from April …

Satellite data have revealed that the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets are changing
rapidly due to warming air and ocean temperatures. Crucially, Earth Observations can now …

Abstract In Fennoscandia, tectonics, Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), and climatic changes
cause ongoing crustal deformation of some millimetres per year, both vertically and …

An accurate record of preindustrial (pre-1900 CE) sea level is necessary to contextualize
modern global mean sea level (GMSL) rise with respect to natural variability. Precisely dated …

The Arctic climate system is rapidly transitioning into a new regime with a reduction in the
extent of sea ice, enhanced mixing in the ocean and atmosphere, and thus enhanced …