Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces
and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens …

The clinical responses observed following treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors
(ICIs) support immunotherapy as a potential anticancer treatment. However, a large …

Characterized by the expression of the critical transcription factor forkhead box protein P3,
regulatory T (Treg) cells are an essential part of the immune system, with a dual effect on the …

Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers.
However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) are essential in orchestrating immune
responses. Their function and expression in the tumor microenvironment make them …

Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that present as different functional phenotypes due to
their plasticity. They can be classified into two categories, namely M1-and M2-like …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of proteins that are expressed in immune cells
and various tumor cells. TLR7/8 are located in the intracellular endosomes, participate in …

Neutrophils are crucial innate immune cells and comprise 50–70% of the white blood cell
population under homeostatic conditions. Upon infection and in cancer, blood neutrophil …

Ferroptosis therapy (FT) of the colorectal cancer (CRC) is usually restricted by the relatively
slow rate of Fenton reaction due to the limited concentration of intracellular H 2 O 2 and the …

The hypothalamic–pituitary (HP) unit can produce various hormones to regulate immune
responses, and some of its downstream hormones or effectors are elevated in cancer …