Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism is largely present
in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The brain utilizes glucose as its main energy source and a …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex multifactorial disease that emerges from the
combination of genetic and environmental factors, and obesity, lifestyle, and aging are the …

Increased insulin resistance is recognized in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia
and bipolar disorder, but its occurrence in depression is less clear. Our aims were to verify if …

Insulin action in the human brain modulates eating behaviour, whole-body metabolism and
body fat distribution,. In particular, brain insulin action increases whole-body insulin …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia and is characterized by the death
of brain cells due to the accumulation of insoluble amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylation of …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease characterized by multiple
pathologies. The progression of dementia with NAFLD may be affected by various risk …

In numerous brain structures, insulin signaling modulates the homeostatic processes,
sensitivity to reward pathways, executive function, memory, and cognition. Through human …

The hypothalamus is the centre of neuroendocrine regulation of energy homeostasis and
appetite. Maldevelopment of, or damage to, the key hypothalamic nuclei disrupts the …

Obesity is associated with several diseases, including mental health. Adipose tissue is
distributed around the internal organs, acting in the regulation of metabolism by storing and …