BACKGROUND The extent of urban areas is increasing around the world, and most humans
now live in cities. Urbanization results in dramatic environmental change, including …

Highlights•Urban ecosystems are expanding worldwide with major effects on
biodiversity.•All species are embedded in various antagonistic and mutualistic interactions.• …

Rapid urban expansion has profound impacts on global biodiversity through habitat
conversion, degradation, fragmentation, and species extinction. However, how future urban …

The rapid urbanization in central and eastern China has posed a major threat to the green
sustainable development of the ecological environment. However, the understanding of the …

The sprawl of marine construction is one of the most extreme human modifications to global
seascapes. Nevertheless, its global extent remains largely unquantified compared to that on …

The structure and function of the soil microbiome of urban greenspaces remain largely
undetermined. We conducted a global field survey in urban greenspaces and neighboring …

Aim Urbanization is one of the most significant anthropogenic alterations of the surface of
the Earth and constitutes a major threat to biodiversity at the global level. Arthropods are a …

Urbanisation is an important global driver of biodiversity change, negatively impacting some
species groups whilst providing opportunities for others. Yet its impact on ecosystem …

Research on urban insect pollinators is changing views on the biological value and
ecological importance of cities. The abundance and diversity of native bee species in urban …

Since the 1990s, recognition of urban biodiversity research has increased steadily.
Knowledge of how ecological communities respond to urban pressures can assist in …