The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood.
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic …

Macular edema consists of intra-or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It
occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of …

Microglia have a variety of functions in the brain, including synaptic pruning, CNS repair and
mediating the immune response against peripheral infection. Microglia rapidly become …

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, which appears in one
third of all diabetic patients and is a prominent cause of vision loss. First discovered as a …

Retinal microvasculature is crucial for the visual function of the neural retina. Pericytes and
endothelial cells (ECs) are the two main cellular constituents in the retinal microvessels …

Retinal degenerative diseases are major causes of vision loss and blindness worldwide and
are characterized by chronic and progressive neuronal loss. One common feature of retinal …

We have recently highlighted (and added to) the considerable evidence that blood can
contain dormant bacteria. By definition, such bacteria may be resuscitated (and thus …

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) causes macular edema and subsequent vision loss
and is common in people with diseases such as arteriosclerosis and hypertension. Various …

Abstract Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an acute phase protein with multiple functions that has
garnered a great deal of interest over the last decade. However, its precise role in the …

Background Recent clinical and basic research implicated a strong correlation between
NAFLD/NASH phenotypes with ectopic manifestations including neuroinflammation and …