The hypersensitive defence response is found in all higher plants and is characterized by a
rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen …

Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense
response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying …

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) activate innate immunity in both animals
and plants. Although calcium has long been recognized as an essential signal for PAMP …

Plant diseases are among the major causes of crop yield losses around the world. To confer
disease resistance, conventional breeding relies on the deployment of single resistance (R) …

In plants, pathogen effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often leads to programmed cell death,
which is restricted by NPR1, an activator of systemic acquired resistance. However, the …

Studies with model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that phytohormones
are central regulators of plant defense. The intricate network of phytohormone signaling …

Plant resource allocation patterns often reveal tradeoffs that favor growth (G) over defense
(D), or vice versa. Ecologists most often explain G–D tradeoffs through principles of …

Breeding crops with resistance is an efficient way to control diseases. However, increased
resistance often has a fitness penalty. Thus, simultaneously increasing disease resistance …

Highlights•Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and
disease.•Developmental PCD (dPCD) is prepared during the cellular differentiation of …

The NRC immune receptor network has evolved in asterid plants from a pair of linked genes
into a genetically dispersed and phylogenetically structured network of sensor and helper …