Purpose The aim of this paper is to review the evidence of the association between energy
balance and obesity. Methods In December 2015, the International Agency for Research on …

The aim of this paper was to review the evidence for early‐life (from conception to 5 years of
age) determinants of obesity. The design is review of published systematic reviews. Data …

We have summarized the evolution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), a prospective cohort
study of 121 700 married registered nurses launched in 1976; NHS II, which began in 1989 …

Importance Cesarean birth has been associated with higher risk of obesity in offspring, but
previous studies have focused primarily on childhood obesity and have been hampered by …

The purpose of this review was to evaluate factors in early childhood (≤ 5 years of age) that
are the most significant predictors of the development of obesity in adulthood. Factors of …

Why has breastfeeding re-asserted itself over the last twenty years, and why are the
government, the scientific and medical communities, and so many mothers so invested in …

Background: The evidence that breastfeeding protects against obesity and a variety of
chronic diseases comes almost entirely from observational studies, which have a potential …

Importance Evidence that longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding reduces child obesity risk
is based on observational studies that are prone to confounding. Objective To investigate …

From infancy through adolescence, more and more children are becoming overweight.
National prevalence data show that more than 17% of youth have a body mass index (BMI) …

Objective: Vitamin D may have a protective role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), but
the effect of gestational vitamin D on adult onset MS has not been studied. Methods: In 2001 …