Background The concept of cognitive reserve is proposed to explain the mismatch between
the degree of pathological changes and their clinical manifestations and has been used to …

Over the last two decades, a large number of studies have concluded that bilingualism
enhances executive functions. However, other studies have reported no significant results …

The concept of cognitive reserve emerged from observed disparities between brain
pathology and clinical symptoms. It may explain better neuropsychological performance in …

Objectives Emerging literature suggests that lifestyle factors may play an important role in
reducing age‐related cognitive decline. There have, however, been few studies …

Studies of relationships between physical activity and children's attention skills are often
constrained by small samples, lack of objective measurements and lack of control for …

It is known that patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) may show deficits in several areas of
cognition, including speech and language abilities. One domain of particular interest is …

The Cognitive Reserve (CR) hypothesis suggests that the brain actively attempts to cope
with neural damages by using pre-existing cognitive processing approaches or by enlisting …

Cognitive reserve beneficially affects cognitive performance, even into advanced age.
However, the benefits afforded by high cognitive reserve may not extend to all cognitive …

In verbal fluency (VF) tests, subjects articulate words in a specified category during a short
test period (typically 60 s). Verbal fluency tests are widely used to study language …

Abstract The concept of Cognitive Reserve (CR) refers to the individual differences allowing
some people to cope better with brain pathology. The aim of the present review was to …