Influenza A virus is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can cause severe
symptoms and has the potential to cause high number of deaths and great economic loss …

Vaccine development has been hampered by the long lead times and the high cost required
to reach the market. The 2020 pandemic, caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that …

The usefulness of live attenuated virus vaccines has been limited by suboptimal
immunogenicity, safety concerns or cumbersome manufacturing processes and techniques …

In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing
huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, H9N2 …

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for
yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is …

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed significant threats to international health …

Traditional vaccine development against infectious diseases has been guided by the
overarching aim to generate efficacious vaccines normally indicated by an antibody and/or …

Introduction Both vaccines and antiviral drugs represent the mainstay for preventing and
treating influenza. However, approved M2 ion channel inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors …

Influenza viruses are important pathogens that affect multiple animal species, including
humans. There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV …

Viruses commonly antagonize the antiviral type I interferon response by targeting signal
transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2, key mediators of interferon …