Simple Summary Spine metastases are a common life-threatening complication of
advanced-stage malignancies and often result in poor prognosis. Symptomatic spine …

The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway was
identified in the late 1990s and is the key mediator of bone remodeling. Targeting RANKL …

Simple Summary The spread of breast cancer to distant parts of the body (metastasis) is the
major cause of death in breast cancer patients. Research has shown that apart from the …

Although the frequency of bone metastases from breast cancer has increased, effective
treatment is lacking, prompting the development of nanomedicine, which involves the use of …

ABSTRACT TGFβ signaling promotes progression of bone-metastatic (BMET) breast cancer
(BCa) cells by driving tumor-associated osteolysis, a hallmark of BCa BMETs, thus allowing …

Breast cancer bone metastases (BMET) are incurable, primarily osteolytic, and occur most
commonly in estrogen receptor-α positive (ER+) breast cancer. ER+ human breast cancer …

Abstract Purpose of Review The present review addresses most recently identified
mechanisms implicated in metastasis-induced bone resorption and muscle-wasting …

Background: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is important for the morphogenesis
and secretory function of the mammary gland. It is one of the main activators of the epithelial …

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis, progression, and
metastatic spread of many cancers including breast. There is now increasing evidence to …