Involvement of small airways, those of< 2 mm in internal diameter, is present in all stages of
asthma and contributes substantially to its pathophysiologic expression. Therefore, small …

Because there is a solid pharmacological rationale based on positive interactions between
long‐acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) and long‐acting β‐agonists (LABAs) …

Long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) are the cornerstone for the treatment
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); furthermore, tiotropium is approved as …

Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics are still key elements for treating chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease in the 2019 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung …

Currently, there is much controversy surrounding the therapeutic approach to pulmonary
function abnormalities in patients with bronchiectasis and, consequently, whether and when …

The current recommendations for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) are pushing towards triple combination therapy based on the combination of an …

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of LAMAs in asthma is now supported by pharmacological
and clinical evidence, whereas the effectiveness of therapy with ICS/LABA/LAMA fixed dose …

Isolated airway smooth muscle has been extensively investigated since 1840 to understand
the pharmacology of airway diseases. There has often been poor predictability from murine …

Abstract Beta-adrenoceptor (β-AR) agonists inhibit cholinergic contractions of airway smooth
muscle (ASM), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. ASM cells express M3 and M2 …

Chronic obstructive respiratory disorders uncontrolled by monotherapy should be given
combinations of drugs that act by distinct mechanisms of action. The rationale for combining …