Viral hepatitis in all its forms is a major public health problem throughout the world, affecting
several hundreds of millions of people. Viral hepatitis is a cause of considerable morbidity …

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can result in fetal exposure to
carcinogens that are transferred from the mother via the placenta, but little information is …

The gaining popularity of tobacco and nicotine delivery products, such as electronic
cigarettes (e-cigarettes) being perceived as relatively safe is of a medical concern. The long …

Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes reduction of fetal breathing movements, an
effect attributed to nicotine in fetal blood. Nicotine is metabolized to cotinine which has a …

Nicotine is oxidized to its major metabolite, cotinine, which has a long biological half-life (19–
24 h). The plasma concentration of cotinine has been used as an index of tobacco smoke …

The genotoxicity of the most potent carcinogen in cigarette smoke [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-
(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)] is dependent on the relationship between its activation by …

The tobacco‐specific nitrosamine 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK),
which is generated by nitrosation of nicotine, requires enzymatic activation by cytochrome …

An IARC Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for IARC Monographs during 2015–2019
met in Lyon, France, on 7–9 April 2014. Before the meeting, IARC solicited nominations of …

Abstract The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
(NNK) is a carcinogenic and ubiquitous environmental pollutant for which toxic activity has …

In India, workers engaged in processing of tobacco for the manufacture of bidis (the
indogenous substitute for cigarettes) are chronically exposed to tobacco flakes and dust via …