The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

Basal synaptic transmission involves the release of neurotransmitters at individual synapses
in response to a single action potential. Recent discoveries show that astrocytes modulate …

Activity-dependent release of ATP from synapses, axons and glia activates purinergic
membrane receptors that modulate intracellular calcium and cyclic AMP. This enables glia to …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

The inhibitory adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) and excitatory A2A receptor (A2AR) are
predominantly expressed in the brain. Whereas the A2AR has been implicated in normal …

Adenosine is a neuromodulator that operates via the most abundant inhibitory adenosine A
1 receptors (A 1 Rs) and the less abundant, but widespread, facilitatory A 2A Rs. It is …

Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time.
After ischemia a primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular …

Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychoactive drug, enhances attention/vigilance,
stabilizes mood, and might also independently enhance cognitive performance. Notably …

This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P 2 X
and P 2 Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A 1 and A 2A receptors) …