Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic
neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two …

Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with synaptic
alterations and aberrant cortical–subcortical connections. Antipsychotics are the mainstay of …

Schizophrenia is a heritable neurocognitive disorder affecting about 1% of the population,
and usually has an onset age at around 21–25 in males and 25–30 in females. Recent …

Nearly 5 decades ago, the effect of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) on cerebral blood flow
was observed for the first time. This implication directly led to further investigations and …

Introduction Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with a high prevalence
worldwide, however, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Methods and results In …

Xanthurenic acid (XA) raises a growing multidisciplinary interest based upon its oxidizing
properties, its ability to complex certain metal ions, and its detoxifier capacity of 3 …

Behavioural supersensitivity may be a result of increased glutamate sensitivity of D2-MSN
and reduced sensitivity to dopamine. We propose that clozapine may address behavioural …

The altered cerebral energy metabolism central to schizophrenia can be linked to lactate
accumulation. Lactic acid is produced by gastrointestinal bacteria, among others, and …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe affective disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of
depression or mania/hypomania, which significantly impair cognitive function, life skills, and …

Schizophrenia is a disease with a complex pathological mechanism that is influenced by
multiple genes. The study of its pathogenesis is dominated by the dopamine hypothesis, as …