This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

At its most basic level, the function of mammalian sleep can be described as a restorative
process of the brain and body; recently, however, progressive research has revealed a host …

Much experimental and clinical data suggest that the pharmacological profile of modafinil, a
newly discovered waking substance, differs from those of amphetamine and …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that neurons within the pontomesencephalic tegmentum
are critically involved in the generation of paradoxical sleep (PS). From single-unit recording …

GABA, glutamate, and glycine release in the locus coeruleus were measured as a function
of sleep/wake state in the freely-behaving cat using the microdialysis technique. GABA …

Evidence in humans suggests that limbic cortices are more active during rapid eye
movement (REM or paradoxical) sleep than during waking, a phenomenon fitting with the …

Pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) waves are recorded during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
from the pontine reticular formation. 2. PGO wave-like field potentials can also be recorded …

Anatomical data demonstrate a dense projection, in the cat, from hypocretin (orexin)
neurons in the hypothalamus to the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT), which is a critical …

Objective: To investigate the effects of sleep apnea (SA) on the quality of life (QOL). Design:
A prospective study of QOL in patients with and without SA as defined by an apnea …

A number of experimental and theoretical reports have suggested that the ponto‐geniculo‐
occipital (PGO) wave‐generating cells are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement …