Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a complex retrovirus encoding 15 distinct proteins.
Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and …

This review describes the contribution of noncytolytic mechanisms to the control of viral
infections with a particular emphasis on the role of cytokines in these processes. It has long …

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) lyse virally infected cells that display viral peptide epitopes
in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the cell …

To avoid detection by CTL, HIV encodes mechanisms for removal of class I MHC proteins
from the surface of infected cells. However, class I downregulation potentially exposes the …

HIV-1 Vpu interacts with CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum and triggers CD4 degradation,
presumably by proteasomes. Human βTrCP identified by interaction with Vpu connects CD4 …

This review describes the diverse array of pathways and molecular targets that are used by
viruses to elude immune detection and destruction. These include targeting of pathways for …

The AIDS pandemic continues to spread unchecked in many parts of the world, with greater
than 34 million individuals currently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) …

We have genetically engineered CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) specificity by inserting a gene, CD4ζ, containing the extracellular domain of …

The vertebrate body is an ideal breeding ground for viruses and provides the conditions that
promote their growth, survival, and transmission. The immune system evolved and deals …

Viroporins are a group of proteins that participate in several viral functions, including the
promotion of release of viral particles from cells. These proteins also affect cellular functions …