Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules are commonly used to transduce signals
aimed at regulating cell fate (cell differentiation, proliferation, senescence, and death) and …

Dual-specificity kinases (DSK; or Ser/Thr/Tyr kinases) phosphorylate their substrates on
serine, threonine, and/or tyrosine residues. Dual-specificity kinases intervene in the …

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), ie, enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of Tyr residues
of proteins. are mainly associated with growth factor signaling. They actually modulate …

Among kinases (or phosphotransferases) that transfer phosphate groups from donor
molecules such as ATP or GTP to specific substrates include protein kinases that modify the …

Abstract Guanosine triphosphatases intervene in:(1) signal transduction from the
intracellular edge of the plasma membrane and intracellular domain of transmembrane …

18. Shen X, Xiao H, Ranallo R, Wu WH, Wudagger C (2003) Modulation of ATP-dependent
chromatin-remodeling complexes by inositol polyphosphates. Science 299: 112–114 19 …

Other important signaling mediators include:(1) endogenous, gaseous, diffusible
messengers, or gasotransmitters, such as carbon monoxide (CO; Sect. 10.2), nitric oxide …

Numerous protein serine/threonine kinases operate in signal transduction, either as
initiating nodes, such as receptor (RSTK; Vol. 3–Chap. 8. Receptor Kinases), or as …

Protein phosphorylation is a common, reversible, post-translational modification of proteins
(Vols. 1–Chap. 5. Protein Synthesis and 3–Chap. 1. Signal Transduction). Except …

Lipids include sterols, mono-and diglycerides, phospholipids, among others. They operate
as structural components of cell membranes (Vol. 1–Chap. 7. Plasma Membrane; Tables 2.1 …