Cigarette smoking continues to adversely affect the health of individuals with schizophrenia.
Both smoking and heavy nicotine dependence, given the complex biological findings, might …

The progressively deeper understanding of mechanisms underlying stem cell fate decisions
has enabled parallel advances in basic biology—such as the generation of organoid models …

Nicotine and alcohol are two of the most commonly used and abused recreational drugs, are
often used simultaneously, and have been linked to significant health hazards. Furthermore …

Measurements of the deep brain area of rodents has been one of the most important
methods to study deep brain activities, in part due to limited access of this region. In order to …

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the unexpected sudden death of an
infant under 1 year of age that remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation. The …

Recent studies have demonstrated microarray expression data can be used to identify gene
regulatory pathways. However, one of the major challenges is to utilize the large microarray …

Dopaminergic dysregulation in nucleus accumbens has been implicated in the origin of
schizophrenia. Accumbal cholinergic interneurons exert powerful modulatory control of local …

Brain growth occurs during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development in rats. This
developmental period is equivalent to the third trimester of human gestation. Dendritic …

To monitor dopamine neural activities in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in response to
nicotine, we designed a dopamine platform based on a microimaging device and a …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is the origin of dopaminergic neurons and the dopamine
(DA) reward pathway. This pathway has been widely studied in addiction and drug …