Adenosine receptors (ARs) are widely acknowledged pharmacological targets yet are still
underutilized in clinical practice. Their ubiquitous distribution in almost all cells and tissues …

Microglia play key roles in the post‐ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue
removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the …

Introduction Astrocytes have previously been considered as cells supporting neuronal
functions, but they are now recognized as active players in maintaining central nervous …

CD39 is the major enzyme controlling the levels of extracellular adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) via the stepwise hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine …

Extracellular ATP and adenosine are neuromodulators that regulate numerous neuronal
functions in the brain. Neuronal activity and brain insults such as ischemic and traumatic …

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of stroke with a high disability and mortality rate.
Apoptosis caused by massive damage to mitochondria in neuron cells and inflammatory …

Introduction The cyclic nucleotide cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous
second messenger, which is known to play an important anti-inflammatory role. Astrocytes in …

Aims Growing evidence suggests that an imbalanced gut microbiota composition plays a
crucial role in the development of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), an …

Objective To delve into the underlying mechanism of Salidroside (Sal) on the improvement
of cognitive function in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Methods The experimental mice were …

Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide,
necessitating efforts to identify biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment …