The mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes complexes I‑IV, as
well as the electron transporters ubiquinone and cytochrome c. There are two electron …

The amyloid cascade hypothesis is a useful framework for therapeutic development in
Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid b 1-42 (Aβ) has been the main target of experimental …

Background Recent research on the implications of gut microbiota on brain functions has
helped to gather important information on the relationship between them. Pathogenesis of …

The human brain consumes 20% of the total basal oxygen (O 2) budget to support ATP
intensive neuronal activity. Without sufficient O 2 to support ATP demands, neuronal activity …

Mitochondria are essential organelles within the cell where most ATP is produced through
oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). A subset of the genes needed for this process are …

Stroke is the second leading cause of global death and is characterized by high rates of
mortality and disability. Oxidative stress is accompanied by other pathological processes …

Skin wounds can be classified into two categories, namely acute and chronic wounds. While
acute wounds are healed by the normal wound healing process, chronic wounds are not …

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiota affects brain function and
behavior, including depressive behavior. Antidepressants are the main drugs used for …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules that are naturally
produced within biological systems. Research has focused extensively on revealing the …

Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent cause of dementia, which is defined by the
combined presence of amyloid and tau, but researchers are gradually moving away from the …