The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and ever-changing “rogue organ”
composed of its own blood supply, lymphatic and nervous systems, stroma, immune cells …

This paper aims to discuss various aspects of the use of reference genes in qPCR technique
used in the thousands of present studies. Most frequently, these are housekeeping genes …

Housekeeping genes are involved in basic cell maintenance and, therefore, are expected to
maintain constant expression levels in all cells and conditions. Identification of these genes …

Once thought to be a part of the 'dark matter'of the genome, long non-coding RNAs
(lncRNAs) are emerging as an integral functional component of the mammalian …

Abstract microRNAs are functional, 22 nt, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene
expression. Disturbance of microRNA expression may play a role in the initiation and …

Actin is a key structural protein that makes up the cytoskeleton of cells, and plays a role in
functions such as division, migration, and vesicle trafficking. It comprises six different cell …

Background Salmonid fishes are among the most widely studied model fish species but
reports on systematic evaluation of reference genes in qRT-PCR studies is lacking. Results …

Pancreatic cancer cells intimately interact with a complex microenvironment that influences
pancreatic cancer progression. The pancreas is innervated by fibers of the sympathetic …

Beta-actin (ACTB) has traditionally been regarded as an endogenous housekeeping gene
and has been widely used as a reference gene/protein in quantifying expression levels in …

Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation promotes tumors in several endodermally derived
tissues, but its role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown …