Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common finding on spine imaging that increases
in prevalence with age. IVD degeneration is a frequent cause of low back pain, which is a …

Besides its role as an energy storage organ, adipose tissue can be viewed as a dynamic
and complex endocrine organ, which produces and secretes several adipokines, including …

Adipose, skeletal, and hepatic muscle tissues are the main endocrine organs that produce
adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. These biomarkers can be harmful or beneficial to …

Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease of the joints that causes
progressive disability in the elderly. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role …

Synovial joints are complex structures that enable normal locomotion. Following injury, they
undergo a series of changes, including a prevalent inflammatory response. This increases …

Osteoarthritis (OA), which is characterized by proliferation of subchondral bone and the
degeneration of articular cartilage, is the most prevalent human arthritis. Nod‐like receptor …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor of many enzymatic reactions as well
as being a substrate for a number of NAD-consuming enzymes (eg, PARPS, sirtuins, etc) …

Context Circulating adipokines and ghrelin affect bone remodeling by regulating the
activation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Although the correlation …

Background and Purpose Osteoarthritis, a major cause of disability in developed countries
does not have effective treatment. Activation of TLR4 and innate immune response factors …

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) plays a central role in mammalian cell
metabolism by contributing to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis. However …