Diagnosis of arbovirus infection or exposure by antibody testing is becoming increasingly
difficult due to global expansion of arboviruses, which induce antibodies that may (cross-) …

The Usutu virus (USUV), a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus discovered in 1959 in
South Africa, has spread over the last twenty years across the European continent. This virus …

The 2020 arthropod vector season in Europe is approaching its end. Data from indicator-
based surveillance on vector-borne diseases in 2020 will be reported to the European …

West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are important flaviviruses circulating in
Germany. While USUV was first reported more than 10 years ago, WNV has only reached …

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus). It circulates in an enzootic
cycle between ornithophilic mosquitoes as vectors and reservoirs and avian host species for …

West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging zoonotic pathogen with increasing incidence in
Europe, producing a recent outbreak in 2020 in Spain with 77 human cases and eight …

The actual contribution of migratory birds in spreading West Nile (WNV) and Usutu virus
(USUV) across Europe and from Africa to old countries is still controversial. In this study, we …

In the last three decades, several flaviviruses of concern that belong to different antigenic
groups have expanded geographically. This has resulted in the presence of often more than …

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential. Due to the
recent climate and environmental changes, they are spreading across Europe, becoming a …

Following the introduction of the West Nile virus (WNV) into eastern Germany in 2018,
increasing infections have been diagnosed in birds, equines, and humans over time, while …