Despite widespread clinical use of antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and
chloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus …

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune thrombophilia propelled by circulating
antiphospholipid antibodies that herald vascular thrombosis and obstetrical complications …

The process of finding new therapeutic indications for currently used drugs, defined as
'repurposing', is receiving growing attention. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, with an …

The anti-malarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and primarily the less toxic hydroxychloroquine
(HCQ) are currently used to treat autoimmune diseases for their immunomodulatory and anti …

Objectives This review examines the pharmacokinetics, modes of action and therapeutic
properties of the anti-malarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ), in …

Introduction: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an alkalinizing lysosomatropic drug that
accumulates in lysosomes where it inhibits some important functions by increasing the pH …

The antiphospholipid syndrome causes venous, arterial, and small-vessel thrombosis;
pregnancy loss; and preterm delivery for patients with severe pre-eclampsia or placental …

Quinine was first recognized as a potent antimalarial agent hundreds of years ago. Since
then, the beneficial effects of quinine and its more advanced synthetic forms, chloroquine …

New clinical, laboratory and experimental insights, since the 1999 publication of the
Sapporo preliminary classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), had been …

One of the conclusions of the subcommittee meeting on Lupus Anticoagulant/Phospholipid
dependent antibodies, held in Geneva on 2007, was the need to update the guidelines on …